Contents
Description
The AUTO_INCREMENT
attribute can be used to generate a unique identity for new rows. When you insert a new record to the table (or upon adding an AUTO_INCREMENT attribute with the ALTER TABLE statement), and the auto_increment field is NULL or DEFAULT (in the case of an INSERT), the value will automatically be incremented. This also applies to 0, unless the NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO SQL_MODE is enabled.
AUTO_INCREMENT
columns start from 1 by default. The automatically generated value can never be lower than 0.
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Each table can have only one AUTO_INCREMENT
column. It must defined as a key (not necessarily the PRIMARY KEY
or UNIQUE
key). In some storage engines (including the default InnoDB), if the key consists of multiple columns, the AUTO_INCREMENT
column must be the first column. Storage engines that permit the column to be placed elsewhere are Aria, MyISAM, MERGE, Spider, TokuDB, BLACKHOLE, FederatedX and Federated.
SERIAL
is an alias for BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT UNIQUE
.
Setting or Changing the Auto_Increment Value
You can use an ALTER TABLE
statement to assign a new value to the auto_increment
table option, or set the insert_id server system variable to change the next AUTO_INCREMENT
value inserted by the current session.
LAST_INSERT_ID()
can be used to see the last AUTO_INCREMENT
value inserted by the current session.
InnoDB
Until MariaDB 10.2.3, InnoDB used an auto-increment counter that is stored in memory. When the server restarts, the counter is re-initialized to the highest value used in the table, which cancels the effects of any AUTO_INCREMENT = N option in the table statements.
From MariaDB 10.2.4, this restriction has been lifted and AUTO_INCREMENT is persistent.
See also AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB.
Setting Explicit Values
It is possible to specify a value for an AUTO_INCREMENT
column. If the key is primary or unique, the value must not already exist in the key.
If the new value is higher than the current maximum value, the AUTO_INCREMENT
value is updated, so the next value will be higher. If the new value is lower than the current maximum value, the AUTO_INCREMENT
value remains unchanged.
The following example demonstrates these behaviors:
The ARCHIVE storage engine does not allow to insert a value that is lower than the current maximum.
Missing Values
An AUTO_INCREMENT column normally has missing values. This happens because if a row is deleted, or an AUTO_INCREMENT value is explicitly updated, old values are never re-used. The REPLACE statement also deletes a row, and its value is wasted. With InnoDB, values can be reserved by a transaction; but if the transaction fails (for example, because of a ROLLBACK) the reserved value will be lost.
Thus AUTO_INCREMENT values can be used to sort results in a chronological order, but not to create a numeric sequence.
Replication
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To make master-master or Galera safe to use AUTO_INCREMENT
one should use the system variables auto_increment_increment and auto_increment_offset to generate unique values for each server.
CHECK Constraints, DEFAULT Values and Virtual Columns
MariaDB starting with 10.2.6
From MariaDB 10.2.6 auto_increment columns are no longer permitted in CHECK constraints, DEFAULT value expressions and virtual columns. They were permitted in earlier versions, but did not work correctly. See MDEV-11117.
Generating Auto_Increment Values When Adding the Attribute
If the NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO SQL_MODE is set, zero values will not be automatically incremented:
See Also
- Sequences - an alternative to auto_increment available from MariaDB 10.3
- UUID_SHORT() - Generate unique ids
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